Sun et. al. (2023) showed suppressing β1-AAbs effectively protects the atrial vulnerable substrate by ameliorating intracellular Ca2+ mishandling and atrial fibrosis, preventing the process of the autoimmune associated AF.

The optical mapping system was used to measure transmembrane potential and calcium transient. Activation maps, APD, CaD, conduction velocity were effortlessly computed by OMapScope. Atrial effective refractory period (ERP) was determined with S1-S2 pacing protocol.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36597894/
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